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The above findings highlight an important point that barcodes do not always correctly identify the species present. Failure of the current barcoding concept is not surprising given that the barcoding study reports that three of the nine species included in the study are nested within the B. asiatica clade (traditionally B. asiatica var. asiatica) (Roy et al., 2010). In this study, we could not confirm the species of B. asiatica traditionally B. asiatica var. asiatica, which has been shown to be paraphyletic (Roy et al., 2010). The traditional vernacular name (nomen nudum) for B. asiatica var. asiatica was used by Roy et al. (2010) as the official name for this species. In this study, B. asiatica var. asiatica is assigned the OPU B. asiatica but earlier studies have used synonymic names for species in the B. asiatica clade, such as B. asiatica (C.B.J. Newton, 2008). We have identified B. asiatica var. asiatica as B. asiatica, which is also the currently assigned name by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2015). However, the synonymic name B. asiatica is still used in some pharmacopoeias (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2001; British Pharmacopoeia, 2016). Our study clarifies the importance of the correct usage of a species epithet in pharmacopoeias and regulatory guidelines. The same confusion could be found in other published studies, such as the study of the Berberidaceae of Nepal (Adhikari et al., 2015). Species epithets should be assigned to the correct name, as there is more than one name for a species in the literature. Therefore, a combination of molecular and chemical identification is recommended when determining the plant genus and species for regulators and quality control.
In this study, we examined the utility of the ITS region as a barcoding marker for the identification of B. aristata, B. asiatica and other closely related species using morphological, chemotaxonomic, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. DNA barcoding using an ITS region has been used to identify edible plants and also medicinal plants (Nayak et al., 2011; Roy et al., 2012; Adhikari et al., 2015; Roy et al., 2016). The usefulness of DNA barcoding has been reported for identifying plants of the genus Berberis and also for identifying closely related species such as B. laciniata, B. suaveolens and B. integerrima (Roy et al., 2010; Roy et al., 2012; Adhikari et al., 2015; Roy et al., 2016).
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